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	<title>Comments on: Does Barrel Twist Rate Affect Muzzle Velocity? (Litz Test)</title>
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	<link>https://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2015/02/does-barrel-twist-rate-affect-muzzle-velocity-litz-test/</link>
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		<title>By: Francisco Briseno</title>
		<link>https://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2015/02/does-barrel-twist-rate-affect-muzzle-velocity-litz-test/comment-page-1/#comment-55533</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Francisco Briseno]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Jul 2018 04:18:37 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/?p=55951#comment-55533</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Gentlemen, 1 foot equals 12 inches; 1 minute equals 60 seconds; 1 pound equals 32.17405 slugs &quot;mass&quot;, 1 revolution per second equals 1 hertz, if we don&#039;t quiver on the distance from the center of the Earth (gravity), ambient temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, etc. then it boils down to simple arithmetic with wild-ass variables involved. So, lets take a hypothetical gun, barrel length, twist, caliber, bullet weight, etc.. Lets not make it too complicated and loose the battalion of Marines before we reach the beach and end up having to resort to a dog paddle and bayonet gripped by the teeth, or gums. A 24 inch barrel with a 1:18 twist will achieve 2,820 fps, hypothetically, because according to the blog there is a 0.6% loss to the twist, which translates to the loss of 1 fps per inch of twist. If there were no twist, the bullet would exit at 3,000 fps, if the twist rate was infinite, the bullet would never leave the muzzle because it is still twisting as I am typing, and the pressure would be at its maximum and decreasing by the value of e^(-t/T). As you can see in this thought experiment that the twist rate does affect muzzle velocity, but very insignificantly to the point that it is a better trade-off to go with the maximum twist rate for bullet stability at the intended target range than to retain maximum velocity. The worst hit in history is still better than the best miss in history.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Gentlemen, 1 foot equals 12 inches; 1 minute equals 60 seconds; 1 pound equals 32.17405 slugs &#8220;mass&#8221;, 1 revolution per second equals 1 hertz, if we don&#8217;t quiver on the distance from the center of the Earth (gravity), ambient temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity, etc. then it boils down to simple arithmetic with wild-ass variables involved. So, lets take a hypothetical gun, barrel length, twist, caliber, bullet weight, etc.. Lets not make it too complicated and loose the battalion of Marines before we reach the beach and end up having to resort to a dog paddle and bayonet gripped by the teeth, or gums. A 24 inch barrel with a 1:18 twist will achieve 2,820 fps, hypothetically, because according to the blog there is a 0.6% loss to the twist, which translates to the loss of 1 fps per inch of twist. If there were no twist, the bullet would exit at 3,000 fps, if the twist rate was infinite, the bullet would never leave the muzzle because it is still twisting as I am typing, and the pressure would be at its maximum and decreasing by the value of e^(-t/T). As you can see in this thought experiment that the twist rate does affect muzzle velocity, but very insignificantly to the point that it is a better trade-off to go with the maximum twist rate for bullet stability at the intended target range than to retain maximum velocity. The worst hit in history is still better than the best miss in history.</p>
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		<title>By: Hoot</title>
		<link>https://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2015/02/does-barrel-twist-rate-affect-muzzle-velocity-litz-test/comment-page-1/#comment-54723</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Hoot]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 16 Mar 2018 11:07:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/?p=55951#comment-54723</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I know this thread is old but I wonder how the results might be impacted if the bullets were a much heavier (250-300gr) .452 caliber such as the 450 Bushmaster? There&#039;s a lot more surface area on them due to their circumference and they use magnum pistol powders. A debate is constantly going on over on the forum, about going from 1:24 twist barrels, down to 1:16, including one brand of barrel that is 1:10! Enough field observations that have come in show an increase in velocity with the faster twists, so it is assumed that is the result or more pressure. Thanks, Hoot]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I know this thread is old but I wonder how the results might be impacted if the bullets were a much heavier (250-300gr) .452 caliber such as the 450 Bushmaster? There&#8217;s a lot more surface area on them due to their circumference and they use magnum pistol powders. A debate is constantly going on over on the forum, about going from 1:24 twist barrels, down to 1:16, including one brand of barrel that is 1:10! Enough field observations that have come in show an increase in velocity with the faster twists, so it is assumed that is the result or more pressure. Thanks, Hoot</p>
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		<title>By: Capt. Steve Thompson</title>
		<link>https://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2015/02/does-barrel-twist-rate-affect-muzzle-velocity-litz-test/comment-page-1/#comment-53302</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Capt. Steve Thompson]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 18 Aug 2017 22:41:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/?p=55951#comment-53302</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[LOL. What is means is the delta ain&#039;t worth spit.

Thank You.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>LOL. What is means is the delta ain&#8217;t worth spit.</p>
<p>Thank You.</p>
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		<title>By: Gene</title>
		<link>https://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2015/02/does-barrel-twist-rate-affect-muzzle-velocity-litz-test/comment-page-1/#comment-52807</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gene]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 18 May 2017 15:16:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/?p=55951#comment-52807</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Since I&#039;m not a statistical analyst ; bean-counter , or Physicist , I found the information interesting . It does tend to follow the idioms of general science in disclosing that ; though twist rates do have some effect on MV , that effect is so minimal , that it is generally irrelevant to the discussion . Unless you want to verbally joust with semantics , or split procedural mathematical hairs . My understanding is that this was a basic test to establish any relationship between barrel twist rates , and loss , or gain in MV thru the different TR&#039;s . To this end ; the data supplied showed &quot;minimal&quot; variations. In doing &quot;Ladder&quot; tests we don&#039;t need to fire 10,000 rounds to get a correlation between a workable charge weight and the &quot;junk&quot; , so why call for excessive rounds testing to prove , or dis-prove a theory , when a sufficient amount of &quot;Base&quot; data is pointing in any given direction ? Is this test absolute ? No....But it does substantiate generally accepted ideology , if one has a basic working knowledge of ballistics . And is it really &quot;that&quot; important ? Personally ; I think not . 

And since we&#039;re all expressing opinions here , I guess those who are suggesting shooting max pressure charges over a long testing regime have never seen the results of a HP rifle blow up. I don&#039;t hear any of you folks volunteering to pull the trigger for that . Seriously ?]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Since I&#8217;m not a statistical analyst ; bean-counter , or Physicist , I found the information interesting . It does tend to follow the idioms of general science in disclosing that ; though twist rates do have some effect on MV , that effect is so minimal , that it is generally irrelevant to the discussion . Unless you want to verbally joust with semantics , or split procedural mathematical hairs . My understanding is that this was a basic test to establish any relationship between barrel twist rates , and loss , or gain in MV thru the different TR&#8217;s . To this end ; the data supplied showed &#8220;minimal&#8221; variations. In doing &#8220;Ladder&#8221; tests we don&#8217;t need to fire 10,000 rounds to get a correlation between a workable charge weight and the &#8220;junk&#8221; , so why call for excessive rounds testing to prove , or dis-prove a theory , when a sufficient amount of &#8220;Base&#8221; data is pointing in any given direction ? Is this test absolute ? No&#8230;.But it does substantiate generally accepted ideology , if one has a basic working knowledge of ballistics . And is it really &#8220;that&#8221; important ? Personally ; I think not . </p>
<p>And since we&#8217;re all expressing opinions here , I guess those who are suggesting shooting max pressure charges over a long testing regime have never seen the results of a HP rifle blow up. I don&#8217;t hear any of you folks volunteering to pull the trigger for that . Seriously ?</p>
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		<title>By: secretaryns</title>
		<link>https://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2015/02/does-barrel-twist-rate-affect-muzzle-velocity-litz-test/comment-page-1/#comment-52796</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[secretaryns]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 17 May 2017 15:37:46 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/?p=55951#comment-52796</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Mr. Litz,

Would you mind telling us how many rounds were fired for each group?  The SD of MV values you obtained are very interesting to me.  7 fps is very low and indicative of great control, especially given that A) they&#039;re .30 cal rifle rounds, and B) you managed to do it twice.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Mr. Litz,</p>
<p>Would you mind telling us how many rounds were fired for each group?  The SD of MV values you obtained are very interesting to me.  7 fps is very low and indicative of great control, especially given that A) they&#8217;re .30 cal rifle rounds, and B) you managed to do it twice.</p>
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		<title>By: Brent</title>
		<link>https://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2015/02/does-barrel-twist-rate-affect-muzzle-velocity-litz-test/comment-page-1/#comment-51042</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Brent]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 23 Jul 2016 00:56:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/?p=55951#comment-51042</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I applaud the efforts of you and your team in collecting, analyzing, and sharing the data you’ve presented.  Your efforts are aiding in one day finding an answer to the question you’ve posed.
Unfortunately, I find your analysis and comments misleading.  Whether due to ignorance or misrepresentation I cannot ascertain.

Specifically,
“This test shows that MV can be effected by twist rate, and how much.”
-	Your data show a trend in twist rate only; in other words the graph is the best piece of information.  There is no statistical significance with which to draw any conclusion. While necessary to analyze the data, reproducing the MV/SD table only confuses the issue to those not familiar with statistical analysis. In other words, your test shows the need for further tests in order to draw any sort of conclusion.
-	How much is entirely unanswerable.  R^2 should be 2 or 3 standard deviations if you want to answer that question.  You simply don’t have statistically significant results with which to draw a conclusion.

“You’re somewhat right. The scatter in the data and the R squared value indicate that only about 1/2 the variation in MV is due to twist rate (Correlation Coefficient is 0.55) which means that random noise has as much effect as twist rate.”
-	The scatter in the data and the R^2 value indicate a Design of Experiments or similar test need to be conducted to find the significant contributors to the poor fit of the data to the regression line.  Once identified, these factors, hopefully can be controlled for.  Costs will increase with increased precision in your measurements whether due to more expensive equipment, a larger number of iterations, etc.
-	The scatter in the data at this point only indicates that there is too much variability to draw any conclusion.  You’re suggesting that the hypothesis you are testing concerning velocity vs. twist rate is showing a correlation in your results.  I and others, above, are telling you that the fit of the data here is insufficient to draw that conclusion although it remains a probability.

“The point in presenting these results is to show that the effect of twist rate on MV is VERY minor, and can almost be said to be statistically “in the noise”.”
-	There is too much variability in the data with which to draw any conclusion except the need for further data collection.
-	The point of presenting the data is to further everyone’s understanding, correct?  I commend you.  Thank you.  Your interpretation of the results in incorrect.

“The point of deliberate scientific testing is to isolate variables of interest to determine true causality.”
-	Agreed.  You’ve a responsibility to identify, isolate, and control for those variables prior to drawing any conclusions.  R^2 of .5XX isn’t demonstrating a significant data fit with which to draw any conslusions.
-	Ideally, the true scientific method would include not only your future statistically significant data set, but also those from two other independent sources corroborating your results.

I take issue with how you’ve presented your findings and mislead others.  Why would I purchase this book after you’ve either misrepresented or misinterpreted your results?]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I applaud the efforts of you and your team in collecting, analyzing, and sharing the data you’ve presented.  Your efforts are aiding in one day finding an answer to the question you’ve posed.<br />
Unfortunately, I find your analysis and comments misleading.  Whether due to ignorance or misrepresentation I cannot ascertain.</p>
<p>Specifically,<br />
“This test shows that MV can be effected by twist rate, and how much.”<br />
&#8211;	Your data show a trend in twist rate only; in other words the graph is the best piece of information.  There is no statistical significance with which to draw any conclusion. While necessary to analyze the data, reproducing the MV/SD table only confuses the issue to those not familiar with statistical analysis. In other words, your test shows the need for further tests in order to draw any sort of conclusion.<br />
&#8211;	How much is entirely unanswerable.  R^2 should be 2 or 3 standard deviations if you want to answer that question.  You simply don’t have statistically significant results with which to draw a conclusion.</p>
<p>“You’re somewhat right. The scatter in the data and the R squared value indicate that only about 1/2 the variation in MV is due to twist rate (Correlation Coefficient is 0.55) which means that random noise has as much effect as twist rate.”<br />
&#8211;	The scatter in the data and the R^2 value indicate a Design of Experiments or similar test need to be conducted to find the significant contributors to the poor fit of the data to the regression line.  Once identified, these factors, hopefully can be controlled for.  Costs will increase with increased precision in your measurements whether due to more expensive equipment, a larger number of iterations, etc.<br />
&#8211;	The scatter in the data at this point only indicates that there is too much variability to draw any conclusion.  You’re suggesting that the hypothesis you are testing concerning velocity vs. twist rate is showing a correlation in your results.  I and others, above, are telling you that the fit of the data here is insufficient to draw that conclusion although it remains a probability.</p>
<p>“The point in presenting these results is to show that the effect of twist rate on MV is VERY minor, and can almost be said to be statistically “in the noise”.”<br />
&#8211;	There is too much variability in the data with which to draw any conclusion except the need for further data collection.<br />
&#8211;	The point of presenting the data is to further everyone’s understanding, correct?  I commend you.  Thank you.  Your interpretation of the results in incorrect.</p>
<p>“The point of deliberate scientific testing is to isolate variables of interest to determine true causality.”<br />
&#8211;	Agreed.  You’ve a responsibility to identify, isolate, and control for those variables prior to drawing any conclusions.  R^2 of .5XX isn’t demonstrating a significant data fit with which to draw any conslusions.<br />
&#8211;	Ideally, the true scientific method would include not only your future statistically significant data set, but also those from two other independent sources corroborating your results.</p>
<p>I take issue with how you’ve presented your findings and mislead others.  Why would I purchase this book after you’ve either misrepresented or misinterpreted your results?</p>
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		<title>By: Val Martin</title>
		<link>https://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2015/02/does-barrel-twist-rate-affect-muzzle-velocity-litz-test/comment-page-1/#comment-49494</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Val Martin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 07 Dec 2015 00:55:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/?p=55951#comment-49494</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Interesting test results showing minimal reduction in velocity from increasing twist rates.  I have a 1 in 8 Tikka t3 in .223. but did not have equipment to test it.   One point,  there must come a point with ever faster twist when the angle of pitch is too high.   Wonder what is it for .223.   I note none seem to go below 6.5.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Interesting test results showing minimal reduction in velocity from increasing twist rates.  I have a 1 in 8 Tikka t3 in .223. but did not have equipment to test it.   One point,  there must come a point with ever faster twist when the angle of pitch is too high.   Wonder what is it for .223.   I note none seem to go below 6.5.</p>
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		<title>By: Guy</title>
		<link>https://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2015/02/does-barrel-twist-rate-affect-muzzle-velocity-litz-test/comment-page-1/#comment-46719</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Guy]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 10 Feb 2015 22:17:17 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/?p=55951#comment-46719</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I think the bottom line here is twist does not effect velocity to any significant measure. Not a big surprise to the .223 shooter that has used bullets from 40-90 grains and barrels as fast 6.5 twist.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I think the bottom line here is twist does not effect velocity to any significant measure. Not a big surprise to the .223 shooter that has used bullets from 40-90 grains and barrels as fast 6.5 twist.</p>
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		<title>By: nightowl</title>
		<link>https://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2015/02/does-barrel-twist-rate-affect-muzzle-velocity-litz-test/comment-page-1/#comment-46716</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[nightowl]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 10 Feb 2015 18:18:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/?p=55951#comment-46716</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Frank and Bryan,

It&#039;s always important to hear what everybody&#039;s wondering about &amp; then hear from some guys in-the-know regarding whatever the topic of discussion might be, so thanks for taking the time to respond.  

I think you&#039;d be stunned at what some guys have done in terms of decisions (myself included) when building rifles based on some of the long-held beliefs that get perpetuated somehow.  Usually it&#039;s by folks that have not taken the time or effort to flush out these ideas to see if they are actually true or just old wive&#039;s tales.  Sometimes it&#039;s a case of a faulty understanding of the real science that&#039;s actually at play that leads to an incorrect interpretation of what someone &quot;saw&quot; a few times during a flawed &#039;experiment&#039;, a day at the range, or during a hunt.  

Bryan, sure wish I&#039;d had your first book fifteen years ago - it has been pivotal in helping to finally explain some events witnessed during a few long-range groundhog hunts that had otherwise defied conventional wisdom and left us mystified for many, many years. It has finally made sense of a lot of supposed &#039;explanations&#039; of things that just never seemed to add up. It also effectively silenced some very heated arguments about b.c. and it&#039;s effects. Not to mention that it would have saved me a bunch of money by getting barrel selection right the first time! Written and explained in a way that I can actually understand it (albeit after reading it a few times so it could sink-in to my thick head), the book has quickly become a prized and frequently referenced tool.
(guess this officially makes me a &quot;fan-boy&quot; now - oh well, so be it).  Gents, you really need to read these books. I can&#039;t emphasize that enough.

So, I&#039;ll stop gushing about Bryan&#039;s books and say I think we can pretty much chalk up another historical &#039;hot topic&#039; of debate that&#039;s been fairly well laid to rest finally by some smart guys with ACTUAL first-hand knowledge and experience on the subject.  Though, I have to admit, I&#039;d still really love to see some actual piezo pressure trace data for my own curiosity.  
Thanks again.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Frank and Bryan,</p>
<p>It&#8217;s always important to hear what everybody&#8217;s wondering about &amp; then hear from some guys in-the-know regarding whatever the topic of discussion might be, so thanks for taking the time to respond.  </p>
<p>I think you&#8217;d be stunned at what some guys have done in terms of decisions (myself included) when building rifles based on some of the long-held beliefs that get perpetuated somehow.  Usually it&#8217;s by folks that have not taken the time or effort to flush out these ideas to see if they are actually true or just old wive&#8217;s tales.  Sometimes it&#8217;s a case of a faulty understanding of the real science that&#8217;s actually at play that leads to an incorrect interpretation of what someone &#8220;saw&#8221; a few times during a flawed &#8216;experiment&#8217;, a day at the range, or during a hunt.  </p>
<p>Bryan, sure wish I&#8217;d had your first book fifteen years ago &#8211; it has been pivotal in helping to finally explain some events witnessed during a few long-range groundhog hunts that had otherwise defied conventional wisdom and left us mystified for many, many years. It has finally made sense of a lot of supposed &#8216;explanations&#8217; of things that just never seemed to add up. It also effectively silenced some very heated arguments about b.c. and it&#8217;s effects. Not to mention that it would have saved me a bunch of money by getting barrel selection right the first time! Written and explained in a way that I can actually understand it (albeit after reading it a few times so it could sink-in to my thick head), the book has quickly become a prized and frequently referenced tool.<br />
(guess this officially makes me a &#8220;fan-boy&#8221; now &#8211; oh well, so be it).  Gents, you really need to read these books. I can&#8217;t emphasize that enough.</p>
<p>So, I&#8217;ll stop gushing about Bryan&#8217;s books and say I think we can pretty much chalk up another historical &#8216;hot topic&#8217; of debate that&#8217;s been fairly well laid to rest finally by some smart guys with ACTUAL first-hand knowledge and experience on the subject.  Though, I have to admit, I&#8217;d still really love to see some actual piezo pressure trace data for my own curiosity.<br />
Thanks again.</p>
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		<title>By: Jim See</title>
		<link>https://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2015/02/does-barrel-twist-rate-affect-muzzle-velocity-litz-test/comment-page-1/#comment-46708</link>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Jim See]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Feb 2015 23:43:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/?p=55951#comment-46708</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I&#039;m going to agree with you Bryan that it is a small component of the equation, very small. But what many reloaders wont do to get a 2% increase in velocity for a competitive edge. You might consult with Brian Mirnak on twist vs velocity in the testing he has been doing with 155 grain palma bullets. At the time I was in contact with him I was shooting them out of a 17 twist at velocities I won&#039;t quote here, they would one hole at 100 yards but open to 1.5 moa at 600 for obvious reasons, but the point was to push the envelope to the edge of what we were testing with a limited budget. 

I feel like a true evaluation is best conducted on the extremes, if in fact we want to draw a conclusion from twist rate alone. Lets run the same test with a 18&quot; 17 twist and a 18&quot; 7.5 twist, pressure sensors attached, load work-up to pressures within +- .5% using 3 different powders and bullets. With the large separation of twist values we should negate a .0002&quot; bore or groove discrepancy, obviously cut rifled barrels using the same lot of steel and rifling hooks. If we see less than a 150 fps velocity change we can put this to bed as a myth, as it would amount to as little as less than 15 fps per 1&quot; of twist.]]></description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;m going to agree with you Bryan that it is a small component of the equation, very small. But what many reloaders wont do to get a 2% increase in velocity for a competitive edge. You might consult with Brian Mirnak on twist vs velocity in the testing he has been doing with 155 grain palma bullets. At the time I was in contact with him I was shooting them out of a 17 twist at velocities I won&#8217;t quote here, they would one hole at 100 yards but open to 1.5 moa at 600 for obvious reasons, but the point was to push the envelope to the edge of what we were testing with a limited budget. </p>
<p>I feel like a true evaluation is best conducted on the extremes, if in fact we want to draw a conclusion from twist rate alone. Lets run the same test with a 18&#8243; 17 twist and a 18&#8243; 7.5 twist, pressure sensors attached, load work-up to pressures within +- .5% using 3 different powders and bullets. With the large separation of twist values we should negate a .0002&#8243; bore or groove discrepancy, obviously cut rifled barrels using the same lot of steel and rifling hooks. If we see less than a 150 fps velocity change we can put this to bed as a myth, as it would amount to as little as less than 15 fps per 1&#8243; of twist.</p>
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